The Peerian Journal
type: channel
description: The Peerian Journal is an open access multidisciplinary peer reviewed scientific journal to publish the original research in multidisciplinary areas of study which is run by Peerian Journals Publishing. This journal follows a double blind peer review process to ensure the quality of publication. Authors are requested to submit their original manuscripts for publication in this journal according to the scope of the journal and authors guidelines. The objectives of the journal publisher are inline with the standard practices of scholarly publishing. Publication Frequency: Monthly ( 12 Issues per Year) ISSN (E): 2788-0303 Expect on average 10 weeks from submission to publication. The scope of the Peerian Journal is not limited to following areas of study: Engineering and Technology Theoretical and Applied Sciences Tourism Management and Finance Social Science and History Arts and Design Literature, Philosophy and Culture Medical and Natural Sciences Formal and Non-Formal Education Natural Language Processing for Happiness
publisher: Peerian Journals Publishing
language: en
publication name: The Peerian Journal
issn: 2788-0303
items: The Effect of Smart Leadership on Enhancing the Competitive Capabilities of Tourism Companies: An Exploratory Study of a Sample of Tourism and Travel Agencies in Baghdad
items: Effective Methods Of The Rehabilitation Process
items: The Poetry of the Taghlib Tribe in the PreIslamic Era: A Study of Figurative Language and the Structure of Poetic Texts: The Tribe's Anthology as a Model
items: Methodology For Assessing The Lexical Competence Of Foreign Language Teachers Through Portfolio Technology
items: ECG In Smartwatches and Smart Bracelets: Can They Be Trusted?
items: Continuous Improvement of Hotel Services in Light of Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study in Holy Karbala
items: The Implications of Artificial Intelligence Technologies on the Future of the Hotel and Hospitality Industry in Iraq
items: Tourist Attraction and Its Contribution to Enhancing the Services of the Hotel Sector in Baghdad Governorate
items: The aesthetics of artistic composition in the drawings of Wasmaa Al-Agha
items: Histomorphological And Morphometric Changes in The Liver of Rats Exposed to Energy Drinks and Ethyl Alcohol in Experiment
items: Developing Students’ Thinking Through Problem Solving In Mathematics
items: Religious intertextuality in the poetry of Ibrahim Al-Koufahi
items: Contextual Meaning in Literary Translation: A Semantic–Pragmatic Analysis
items: Assessment of the dynamics of complex treatment of acute odontogenic osteomyelitis of the mandible in children using a thermovisiograph
items: The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Human Resource Satisfaction in Iraqi Tourism Education Institutions
items: Pathogenetic Mechanisms of the Development of Arterial Hypertension Under the Influence of Environmental Factors
items: Comparative Models of Financial Support for Preschool Education: International Experience and Adaptation through Public–Private Partnership Mechanisms
items: ANFIS-Based Compensation of External Disturbances in the Cotton Seed Lintering Process
items: Main Components Of Development Of Pedagogical Speech Culture In Students
items: Material-Technical Base Of The Cotton Industry In the Surkhandarya Region In The Second Half Of The 20th Century
items: Early Detection Of Rickets In Children Under Two Years And Prevention Of Its Complications: Clinical And Preventive Perspectives
items: Using the SHOA algorithm to find an initial feasible solution for transportation problems with different capacities, and comparing it with several classical methods
items: The impact of employing artificial intelligence applications in front office management to achieve organizational excellence at Iraqi Airways: A survey study in a sample of Iraqi Airways offices
items: Modeling of the processes of nutrient assimilation of soil and cotton plants after exposure to ultraviolet radiation
items: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Activities of Hospitality Organizations
items: Development of a mathematical model and selection of optimal parameters for neutralizing wastewater via the electrohydraulic effect
items: Morpho-Immunohistochemical Characteristics Of The Ovaries In Early Childhood
items: The Role Of Epitets In Expressing Poetical Intent In Saida Zunnunova's Poems
items: Cognitive upgrading and its impact on organizational development study consensus sample of Iraqi Tourism Authority

The Effect of Smart Leadership on Enhancing the Competitive Capabilities of Tourism Companies: An Exploratory Study of a Sample of Tourism and Travel Agencies in Baghdad
type: item
description: The study aims to clarify the relationship between smart leadership and its effect on competitive capabilities, as well as to identify the extent to which the dimensions of competitive capabilities are implemented by the surveyed sample. The researcher addressed a central problem that encompassed several questions revolving around the nature of the influential relationships among the studied variables, through analyzing the opinions of employees in tourism and travel companies. A total of 154 questionnaires were distributed among division managers, department heads, and staff members. The study sought to determine the relationship and effect between smart leadership as an independent variable and its impact on competitive capabilities as a dependent variable. The first variable included three dimensions (emotional intelligence, rational intelligence, and spiritual intelligence), while the second variable comprised three dimensions (strategic creativity, strategic flexibility, and competitive positioning). These dimensions interacted with each other, and several main and sub-hypotheses were formulated. To achieve the study’s objectives, answer the research questions, and test the hypotheses, the descriptive-analytical approach was adopted as the scientific methodology. The study relied primarily on the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligent Leaders
  topic: keywords
subject: Competitive Ability
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Aqeel Ali Al-Bazi
creator: Asst. Prof. Dr. Ammar Jabbar Kazem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 138
ending page: 176

Effective Methods Of The Rehabilitation Process
type: item
description: This article analyzes the effective methods of rehabilitation in cases of injuries and fatigue after sports and physical activity from a scientific, theoretical and practical point of view. During the study, the main rehabilitation methods that ensure the rapid recovery of athletes were studied - physiotherapy, massage, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, and individual recovery programs. The article also highlights the possibilities of optimizing the rehabilitation process based on the achievements of modern sports medicine and technological approaches. It is substantiated that the correct organization of the stages of recovery after injury is an important factor in improving the functional state of athletes, reducing the risk of re-injury, and maintaining sports results. The results of the study show that the effective organization of the rehabilitation process is of decisive importance for the rapid and complete recovery of athletes and the continuation of their professional activities
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: sports injuries
  topic: keywords
subject: physiotherapy
  topic: keywords
subject: massage
  topic: keywords
creator: Nizomov Akmaljon Akramjon oglu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-06
publication date: 2026-06-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

The Poetry of the Taghlib Tribe in the PreIslamic Era: A Study of Figurative Language and the Structure of Poetic Texts: The Tribe's Anthology as a Model
type: item
description: A poem is an integrated structure comprised of several artistic elements that together form its complete form in all aspects, such as language, imagery, internal and external music, and the structure of the text. There must be perfect harmony among these elements for the text to be respectable, free from dissonance, flaws, and defects. The more cohesive the text, the better it is. Poetic imagery is one of the most important elements of a poetic text. Therefore, poets have paid great attention to its use. No artistic text exists without poetic imagery, nor can it endure without it. It is the pulse and lifeblood of poetry. Poets, especially in the pre-Islamic era, relied on specific devices to portray their feelings, the most important of which were simile, metaphor, and metonymy. All these elements or images require a poetic form within which they can be organized. Their poetry came in various structures, such as the orphan poem, the fragment, the stanza, and the poem in its two forms: the simple structure and the compound structure. This is due to factors and influences that played a direct role in the structure of the poetic text. Before delving into the study of the means of poetic imagery through which poets expressed their hidden emotions and feelings, it is necessary to define the concept of imagery.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Taghlib
  topic: keywords
subject: Imagery
  topic: keywords
creator: Assist. Lecturer Jihad Naeem Alawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-28
publication date: 2026-05-28
starting page: 121
ending page: 137

Methodology For Assessing The Lexical Competence Of Foreign Language Teachers Through Portfolio Technology
type: item
description: This article considers the methodology for using portfolio technology to assess the lexical competence of future foreign language teachers. The limitations of the traditional summative assessment system are analyzed, and the advantages of portfolio technology as an authentic and process-oriented assessment tool are shown. The study is based on the results of pedagogical observation and experiments conducted with 1st year students of the Namangan State Institute of Foreign Languages named after Is’hoqkhon Ibrat
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: portfolio technology
  topic: keywords
subject: lexical competence
  topic: keywords
subject: authentic assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Makhmudova Feruza Salimdzhonovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 114
ending page: 120

ECG In Smartwatches and Smart Bracelets: Can They Be Trusted?
type: item
description: In recent years, wearable technologies, particularly smartwatches and smart bracelets, have become increasingly popular tools for monitoring human health. The integration of electrocardiography (ECG) functions into consumer wearable devices has significantly expanded the possibilities of digital healthcare and preventive cardiology. This article investigates the biophysical principles of ECG signal acquisition in wearable devices and analyzes the reliability of ECG measurements across different smartwatch brands, including Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Garmin, Amazfit, and Withings. The study evaluates diagnostic accuracy, signal quality, sensitivity, specificity, and clinical limitations of wearable ECG systems. The findings indicate that although modern smartwatches demonstrate high accuracy in detecting atrial fibrillation and basic rhythm disorders, substantial differences exist among brands due to sensor quality, algorithms, filtering methods, and data interpretation systems. Smartwatch ECG technologies show strong potential as auxiliary monitoring tools but cannot fully replace conventional 12-lead clinical ECG systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ECG
  topic: keywords
subject: smartwatch
  topic: keywords
subject: smart bracelet
  topic: keywords
creator: Maxkamova Muxabbat Batirovna
creator: Faizova Zaytuna Rashidovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 10
ending page: 113

Continuous Improvement of Hotel Services in Light of Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study in Holy Karbala
type: item
description: This research highlights the role of sustainable local development in the continuous improvement of the hotel services sector in the Holy Governorate of Karbala during the period (2010–2017). The significance of the study stems from the governorate's profound geographical, historical, and religious standing, which makes it a fertile environment for attracting and employing tourism investments to elevate economic and social standards. The research aims to achieve balanced local development through the equitable distribution of investments. Statistical analyses have revealed a positive and notable upward trend in hotel demand, alongside an increase in the number of incoming tourists. The results have validated the hypothesis that sustainable local development within the tourism sector plays a fundamental role in achieving balance and upgrading the quality of hotel accommodation to absorb the growing tourist influx.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: local tourism development
  topic: keywords
subject: hotel accommodation
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Weli Amer Zayer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 83
ending page: 98

The Implications of Artificial Intelligence Technologies on the Future of the Hotel and Hospitality Industry in Iraq
type: item
description: This study aims to explore and evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on the future of the hotel and hospitality industry in Iraq. Given the rapid pace of technological advancement, integrating AI into the tourism sector has become an urgent necessity to improve service quality, reduce operational costs, and enhance the guest experience. The study adopted a descriptive approach, reviewing existing literature and previous studies to examine concepts related to AI and its applications in the hotel sector, while shedding light on the current state of these technologies in Iraqi hotels. The research addressed several fundamental questions regarding the obstacles to implementing these technologies within the local context. These include the availability of adequate infrastructure, the required capital, and the readiness of human resources to adapt to this transformation. The findings concluded that AI is not intended to replace human workers, but rather to support them and improve their performance by handling routine and analytical tasks. Furthermore, the study revealed that Iraq's hotel sector has promising potential to boost inbound tourism, provided that infrastructural challenges and the shortage of specialized staff are overcome. The study recommended encouraging investment in hotel technology, updating academic tourism curricula, and intensifying training programs for employees to keep pace with the global digital transformation
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Hospitality Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Hotel Services
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism Technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Susan Ameer Kareem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 62
ending page: 82

Tourist Attraction and Its Contribution to Enhancing the Services of the Hotel Sector in Baghdad Governorate
type: item
description: This research aims to examine the reality of tourist attractions in the Baghdad Governorate across its various religious, archaeological, natural, and cultural elements, highlighting their contribution to elevating the quality of services within the hotel sector. The study adopts an analytical approach, examining data and statistics related to hotel supply—both tourist-classified and popular (budget) hotels—spanning the period from 2010 to 2018. The findings reveal a significant growth in the revenue and accommodation capacity of tourist-classified hotels. This confirms the hypothesis that the diversity of tourist attractions plays a prominent role in enhancing the performance of hotel organizations, establishing them as a fundamental pillar for supporting economic development in the governorate. The research is structured into three main sections. The first section outlines the research methodology. The second section presents the conceptual framework of tourist attraction elements and hotel organizations. The third section explores the nature of hotel organization supply in the Baghdad Governorate. Finally, the paper concludes with findings, recommendations, and the scientific references utilized in the study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tourist attraction
  topic: keywords
subject: Hotel organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism services
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Ibtisam Abdul-Zahra Tali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-09
publication date: 2026-05-09
starting page: 41
ending page: 51

The aesthetics of artistic composition in the drawings of Wasmaa Al-Agha
type: item
description: The current research includes a study of the aesthetics of artistic composition in the paintings of Wasmaa Al-Agha. The research is divided into four chapters: The first chapter includes a statement of the research problem, followed by its significance and then the objective, which is to identify the aesthetics of composition in Wasmaa Al-Agha's paintings. The second chapter includes the theoretical framework, which consists of two sections: the first deals with the aesthetics of composition in contemporary Iraqi painting, while the second focuses on miniature art as one of the trends in Iraqi painting. Through this, the researcher arrives at the most important findings of the theoretical framework as indicators for analyzing the research sample. The third chapter is dedicated to the research procedures and the analysis of the three sample paintings. The fourth chapter includes the research results, the most important of which is that women constitute the main subject in most of Wasmaa Al-Agha's paintings, as seen in all the samples
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wasmaa Al-Agha
  topic: keywords
subject: paintings
  topic: keywords
creator: Asst. Lect. Haider Abdul-Ilah Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 26
ending page: 40

Histomorphological And Morphometric Changes in The Liver of Rats Exposed to Energy Drinks and Ethyl Alcohol in Experiment
type: item
description: The liver is one of the main target organs affected by both ethyl alcohol and stimulant beverages containing high amounts of caffeine, sugar, taurine, and other biologically active components. Despite the growing prevalence of concurrent consumption of energy drinks and alcohol, the structural basis of their combined hepatotoxic effect remains insufficiently studied. The aim ofthis study was to investigate histomorphological and morphometric changes in the liver of rats exposed to energy drinks and ethyl alcohol under experimental conditions. The study was carried out on outbred rats divided into control and experimental groups. Liver tissue was examined using conventional histological methods, followed by morphometric assessment of the main structural parameters. The analysis showed that isolated exposure to energy drinks caused early degenerative changes in hepatocytes and moderate vascular disturbances, whereas ethyl alcohol induced more pronounced parenchymal injury. The most severe alterations were detected in the combined exposure group, where hepatocellular degeneration, sinusoidal dilation, vascular congestion, and disorganization of the hepatic architecture were more clearly expressed. Morphometric data supported the histological findings and demonstrated a progressive increase in the severity of structural damage from isolated to combined exposure. The findings indicate that the combined intake of energy drinks and ethyl alcohol exerts a more harmful effect on liver parenchyma than either agent alone and leads to deeper morphofunctional impairment of hepatic tissue.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy drinks
  topic: keywords
subject: ethyl alcohol
  topic: keywords
subject: liver
  topic: keywords
subject: rats
  topic: keywords
creator: Sobirov Elyorbek Jumyozovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-08
publication date: 2026-05-08
starting page: 12
ending page: 25

Developing Students’ Thinking Through Problem Solving In Mathematics
type: item
description: This article extensively covers the role and importance of mathematical problems in the development of independent thinking of students in the process of teaching mathematics in the primary education system. During the study, the educational, educational and developmental aspects of mathematical problems were analyzed, and special attention was paid to the issues of forming students' logical, creative and critical thinking through the use of reallife problems. Also, ways of developing students' independent decision-making skills by solving problems in various ways are revealed. The article is of practical importance for primary school teachers and students of the pedagogical direction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Primary education
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematical problem
  topic: keywords
creator: Mardanov E.M.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 47
ending page: 50

Developing Students’ Thinking Through Problem Solving In Mathematics
type: item
description: This article extensively covers the role and importance of mathematical problems in the development of independent thinking of students in the process of teaching mathematics in the primary education system. During the study, the educational, educational and developmental aspects of mathematical problems were analyzed, and special attention was paid to the issues of forming students' logical, creative and critical thinking through the use of reallife problems. Also, ways of developing students' independent decision-making skills by solving problems in various ways are revealed. The article is of practical importance for primary school teachers and students of the pedagogical direction
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Primary education
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematical problem
  topic: keywords
subject: independent thinking
  topic: keywords
creator: Mardanov E.M.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 47
ending page: 50

Religious intertextuality in the poetry of Ibrahim Al-Koufahi
type: item
description: The Poetic text is considered as one of the aspects of personal creativity, an important source of knowledge, and a way to affect others. From this, the culture of poets and their variant cultural backgrounds, like religious, literary, historical, and others, become apparent. Inconsequence, it makes their poetry more influential. It also shows the intention and the style of the poet. Ibrahim Al-Kofahi Is one of the Modern poets who depended on informing their poetic texts on their variant cultural background a head of which comes religious background which depends on Quran and Prophet texts. This background is contributed to fill the text semantically and aesthetically. Hence, the importance of this research as the religious background is a vital key in producing the poet experience to Al- Kofahi, which expresses his character and religious education. To fulfil that goal, the plan of the research was composed of Introduction, two headings and conclusion
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reference
  topic: keywords
subject: literary text
  topic: keywords
subject: direct quotation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Aymen Ahmed Jassim
creator: Dr. Zainab Hussein Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 11

Contextual Meaning in Literary Translation: A Semantic–Pragmatic Analysis
type: item
description: This article examines contextual meaning in literary translation from a semantic-pragmatic perspective. Contextual meaning is understood as a dynamic construct emerging from the interaction between linguistic units and their textual, situational, and cultural environments. The study focuses on the translation of lexical and phraseological units, which are highly sensitive to contextual variation. Using qualitative methods, including semantic, pragmatic, and comparative analysis, the research demonstrates that successful literary translation depends not on literal word substitution but on the reconstruction of meaning through contextual interpretation. The findings highlight that translation is a cognitive and interpretative process requiring both linguistic and cultural competence
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contextual meaning
  topic: keywords
subject: literary translation
  topic: keywords
subject: semantics
  topic: keywords
creator: Azimova Umida Kilich kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
starting page: 43
ending page: 46

Assessment of the dynamics of complex treatment of acute odontogenic osteomyelitis of the mandible in children using a thermovisiograph
type: item
description: This study is devoted to evaluating the dynamics of complex treatment of acute odontogenic osteomyelitis of the mandible in children using thermovisiography. Acute odontogenic osteomyelitis is one of the severe purulent-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region in children, which, if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner, can lead to bone tissue necrosis, sequestration, and severe functional impairments. The study included 30 children diagnosed with acute odontogenic osteomyelitis of the mandible. Patients were divided into two groups: a control group (15 patients) and a main group (15 patients). In addition to standard treatment (antibacterial, detoxification, symptomatic therapy, surgical intervention), patients in the main group received low-level laser therapy. Treatment dynamics were assessed using thermovisiography. The results showed that in the main group, thermal asymmetry in the inflammatory focus decreased faster (significant difference on days 3-5, p
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: acute odontogenic osteomyelitis
  topic: keywords
subject: mandible
  topic: keywords
subject: children
  topic: keywords
creator: Bobonazarov Navruz Habibilayevich
creator: Rasulova Firuza Khoji kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 38
ending page: 42

The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Human Resource Satisfaction in Iraqi Tourism Education Institutions
type: item
description: This study aims to explore the impact of organizational commitment on human resource satisfaction in understanding the nature of this relationship. It poses a central problem concerning how to utilize organizational commitment as a strategic approach to raising human resource satisfaction levels. This is achieved through an analysis of the behaviors of teaching staff in Iraqi tourism education institutions, using (130) questionnaires. The study included the independent variable, represented by (organizational commitment) with its dimensions (affective commitment, normative commitment, and continuity commitment), which reflect the level of human resource connection to the educational institution from a psychological and behavioral perspective. The dependent variable was (human resource satisfaction), which includes its dimensions (job satisfaction, satisfaction with managers, satisfaction with colleagues, satisfaction with wages and salaries, and satisfaction with promotions). The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as the most suitable methodological framework for achieving the study's objectives. The hypotheses were tested using the SPSS and AMOS statistical programs to verify the existence of a direct effect of organizational commitment on human resource satisfaction. One of the most important findings of the study is that there is a significant effect of organizational commitment on human resource satisfaction
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizational commitment
  topic: keywords
subject: human resource satisfaction
  topic: keywords
creator: Lubna Kamal Saadi
creator: Dr. Ali Hassan Haraj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-16
publication date: 2026-04-16
starting page: 23
ending page: 37

Pathogenetic Mechanisms of the Development of Arterial Hypertension Under the Influence of Environmental Factors
type: item
description: Arterial gipertoniya (AG) rivojlanishida ekologik omillar muhim patogenetik determinant sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Ushbu ishda urbanizatsiya, yashil hududlarning qisqarishi, atmosfera ifloslanishi (CO₂, NOx va boshqa toksik komponentlar) hamda iqlimiy omillarning AG patogeneziga ta’siri Shahrisabz hududi misolida tahlil qilindi. Kuzatuvlar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, daraxtlar sonining kamayishi fotosintez intensivligining pasayishiga va kislorod balansining buzilishiga olib kelib, havoda zararli gazlar konsentratsiyasining ortishiga sabab bo‘ladi. Patogenetik jihatdan, ekologik stressorlar oksidlovchi stressni kuchaytiradi, endotelial disfunktsiya va azot oksidi (NO) bioyetishmovchiligini keltirib chiqaradi, natijada tomir tonusi va periferik qarshilik ortadi. Shu bilan birga, issiqlik stressi va atmosfera ifloslanishi simpatoadrenal tizim hamda renin-angiotenzin-aldosteron tizimini faollashtirib, barqaror arterial bosim oshishiga olib keladi. Statistik ma’lumotlar hududda yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari, xususan AG ulushi yuqoriligini va uning ekologik omillar bilan bog‘liqligini tasdiqlaydi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arterial gipertoniya
  topic: keywords
subject: yallig‘lanish mediatorlari
  topic: keywords
subject: PM2.5
  topic: keywords
subject: endothelial
  topic: keywords
creator: Akhmedova Farogat Shukhrat qizi
creator: Eshmurzayeva Aida Abduganiyevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-25
publication date: 2026-03-25
starting page: 9
ending page: 14

Comparative Models of Financial Support for Preschool Education: International Experience and Adaptation through Public–Private Partnership Mechanisms
type: item
description: The article examines international models of financial support for preschool education and analyzes the possibilities of their adaptation in the context of Uzbekistan, with special attention to the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Using a comparative institutional approach, the study identifies social-oriented, mixed, and liberal financing models and evaluates their advantages and limitations. The results demonstrate that hybrid models based on public–private partnership mechanisms provide the most balanced solution in terms of social accessibility, fiscal sustainability, and institutional efficiency. The findings form a conceptual basis for improving preschool education financing systems in transition economies
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Preschool education financing
  topic: keywords
subject: public–private partnership
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed financing models
  topic: keywords
creator: Yakitjan Turdiyeva Khayitbayevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-19
publication date: 2026-03-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 4

ANFIS-Based Compensation of External Disturbances in the Cotton Seed Lintering Process
type: item
description: The cotton seed lintering process is characterized by nonlinear behavior and significant sensitivity to external disturbances such as moisture content, impurity level, and raw material variability. These factors lead to instability in the output quality parameter, primarily seed fuzziness, resulting in increased production of non-conforming products. This study proposes an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based approach to compensate for uncertainty and external disturbances in the lintering process. A multi-input ANFIS model is developed using four key input parameters: initial fuzziness, moisture content, impurity level, and drum rotational speed. The system generates a compensatory control signal to stabilize the process under varying conditions. Synthetic experimental datasets, reflecting real industrial behavior, are generated and used for training and validation. The proposed method demonstrates improved robustness and accuracy in maintaining desired output quality compared to conventional control approaches. The results indicate that ANFIS effectively mitigates the impact of disturbances, reducing variability in the final fuzziness parameter. The developed model can be integrated into intelligent control systems for cotton processing industries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ANFIS
  topic: keywords
subject: cotton seed
  topic: keywords
subject: lintering process
  topic: keywords
subject: disturbance compensation
  topic: keywords
creator: Kurbonov Navruzbek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-11
publication date: 2026-04-11
starting page: 13
ending page: 22

Main Components Of Development Of Pedagogical Speech Culture In Students
type: item
description: This article analyzes effective methods for the formation of acmeological approaches in students. In modern educational conditions, the self-development of the individual and achieving professional perfection are of great importance. The study examines pedagogical approaches and mechanisms aimed at the full realization of the personal and professional potential of students. The article highlights interactive methods and innovative technologies that serve the development of acmeological competencies. The results help to form self-awareness, goal-setting and continuous improvement skills in students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acmeology
  topic: keywords
subject: students
  topic: keywords
subject: approaches
  topic: keywords
creator: Ergasheva Mahbuba Ne’mat qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-09
publication date: 2026-04-09
starting page: 8
ending page: 12

Material-Technical Base Of The Cotton Industry In the Surkhandarya Region In The Second Half Of The 20th Century
type: item
description: This article provides a comprehensive scientific-academic analysis of the formation, development, and contradictory consequences of the material-technical base of the cotton industry in the Surkhandarya region during the second half of the 20th century (1950–1991). The study covers the regional characteristics of Soviet agrarian policy, the expansion of irrigation infrastructure, the level of mechanization, the establishment of cotton ginning plants, transport and energy supply, as well as the reforms implemented during the years of independence. Based on archival sources, statistical data, and scholarly literature, the article assesses the materialtechnical potential of the region’s cotton industry and demonstrates the economic consequences of its development dynamics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Surkhandarya region
  topic: keywords
subject: cotton growing
  topic: keywords
subject: material-technical base
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonqobilov Jakhongirbek Normumin Ogli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

Early Detection Of Rickets In Children Under Two Years And Prevention Of Its Complications: Clinical And Preventive Perspectives
type: item
description: Rickets remains a preventable yet persistent pediatric metabolic disorder characterized by defective mineralization of the growing skeleton. The disease is particularly critical in children under two years of age due to rapid bone development and increased nutritional demands. Despite well-established preventive strategies, delayed diagnosis continues to result in irreversible skeletal deformities and long-term functional impairment. This review critically examines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying early rickets development, evaluates current diagnostic approaches, and discusses preventive strategies aimed at minimizing disease burden. Evidence indicates that biochemical alterations precede clinical manifestations, highlighting the importance of early screening. Timely intervention through vitamin D supplementation, nutritional optimization, and maternal health management significantly reduces complications. The findings emphasize that effective control of rickets depends more on early detection and prevention than on treatment of advanced disease.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rickets
  topic: keywords
subject: vitamin D deficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: early diagnosis
  topic: keywords
creator: Usmanova Yayraxon
creator: Raxmatova Mavludaxon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-24
publication date: 2026-03-24
starting page: 95
ending page: 99

Using the SHOA algorithm to find an initial feasible solution for transportation problems with different capacities, and comparing it with several classical methods
type: item
description: This research aims to conduct a systematic comparison between classical methods for solving transportation problems and The Shrike Optimization Algorithm (SHOA), a modern optimization algorithm. Both classical methods and SHOA were applied to a range of practical examples with varying capacities to evaluate performance in terms of solution quality, execution time, and computational effort. The results showed that classical methods yielded better results and lower-cost solutions in most cases, demonstrating their effectiveness and accuracy in achieving high-quality solutions. In contrast, while SHOA did not outperform SHOA in terms of solution quality, it was superior in execution time and computational effort, making it a suitable option for situations requiring rapid and acceptable solutions without high computational costs. These results indicate that the optimal choice depends on the nature of the application: while traditional methods offer more accurate solutions, SHOA provides a fast and practical alternative, especially for large problems requiring quick solutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transportation problems
  topic: keywords
subject: operations research
  topic: keywords
subject: the Shrike Optimization Algorithm (SHOA)
  topic: keywords
creator: Asmaa Salah Alddin Sulaiman
creator: Amjed Mohammed Sadek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 76
ending page: 94

The impact of employing artificial intelligence applications in front office management to achieve organizational excellence at Iraqi Airways: A survey study in a sample of Iraqi Airways offices
type: item
description: The researcher aims, through this study, to clarify the relationship between front office management and its impact on achieving organizational excellence through the mediation of artificial intelligence applications, and to identify the extent to which the dimensions of organizational excellence are implemented by the studied sample. The researcher began with a main problem that included several questions centered around the nature of the influential relationships between the studied variables. This was achieved by analyzing the opinions of the employees working in the front offices of Iraqi Airways, using (123) questionnaires distributed to front office management employees. The study aimed to determine the relationship and influence between front office management as an independent variable and artificial intelligence as a mediating variable, and their impact on organizational excellence as a dependent variable. The first variable included four dimensions (inquiries, reception, reservations, and cashier). The second variable included four dimensions (expert systems, neural networks, algorithms, and machine learning). The third variable included four dimensions (information technology, innovation, service quality, and motivation). These dimensions interacted with each other. In order to achieve the aforementioned study objective and answer the questions The research questions and hypothesis testing involved formulating several main and sub-hypotheses. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted as the scientific methodology in this study to analyze the responses of the surveyed population. This was achieved through the use of a range of statistical measures and methods, including percentages, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, relative importance, Z-test, F-test, coefficient of determination (R²), Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, simple and multiple linear regression analysis, and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. The researcher …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Front office management
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational excellence
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayman Ahmed Saleh
creator: Dr. Mohammed Hamid Abdul Majeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-21
publication date: 2026-03-21
starting page: 15
ending page: 75

Modeling of the processes of nutrient assimilation of soil and cotton plants after exposure to ultraviolet radiation
type: item
description: This article presents preliminary theoretical calculations for selecting the power of a bactericidal lamp for ultraviolet irradiation of the "seed-soil-plant" system during cotton cultivation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ultraviolet
  topic: keywords
subject: radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: system
  topic: keywords
creator: Mukhammadiev Ashiraf
creator: Choriyev Bekzod Siddikovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 5
ending page: 8

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Activities of Hospitality Organizations
type: item
description: This study aims to demonstrate the importance of artificial intelligence in the hotel and hospitality industry. The study addresses the question of whether a strategy is being implemented in Iraq within the hospitality and hotel sector, and the extent of its impact on the operations and activities of hospitality organizations and the tourism sector in general. The study aimed to demonstrate the importance of applying artificial intelligence technologies in the tourism andhospitality sectors. The descriptive, analytical, and exploratory approach was followed in presenting the concepts and arriving at the results through the use of peer-reviewed scientific journals and websites . The importance of this study stems from the growing significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in hospitality establishments, which impacts their operations and performance AI is considered crucial as it is one of the most important modern tools and a major source of revenue for countries worldwide. The study concluded that its use effectively contributes to boosting tourism
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: hotel establishments
  topic: keywords
subject: hospitality
  topic: keywords
subject: tourism
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammed Mohsen Ibrahim Al-Obaidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-16
publication date: 2026-02-16
starting page: 10
ending page: 18

Development of a mathematical model and selection of optimal parameters for neutralizing wastewater via the electrohydraulic effect
type: item
description: This study explores the application of the electrohydraulic effect as an alternative method for disinfecting wastewater. It details the construction of a laboratory-scale setup and outlines the interchangeable components involved in the treatment proces s. A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the electrohydraulic treatment, accompanied by an optimization study of key parameters such as discharge voltage, capacitor capacity, and treatment duration. These variables were analyzed through statistical experimental design methods. A second-order regression model was formulated to predict disinfection efficiency, and its validity was confirmed using Student’s t-test and Fisher’s F-test. Optimal operating conditions were established, achieving high treatment efficiency while maintaining ecofriendliness and energy conservation. In addition to conventional disinfection methods, this work emphasizes the importance of innovative technologies in modern wastewater treatment research
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: emphasizes
  topic: keywords
subject: technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: ecofriendliness
  topic: keywords
subject: wastewater treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurlan Aytbaev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

Morpho-Immunohistochemical Characteristics Of The Ovaries In Early Childhood
type: item
description: This article aims to determine the specific morphological and immunohistochemical signs of the formation of a child's ovary in the embryonic and early postpartum period in girls. Morphologically and histochemically, the ovaries of 22 infants who died from asphyxia up to 3 months were studied. The results of the study showed that in the reproductive period, the development of ovarian dysfunction caused by pathologies in embryonic ontogenesis was detected. It was confirmed that the pathologies of the embryonic period affected the development of the ovary as a dangerous factor, leading to the development of hypoxia, dishormonal interaction, dystrophy and damage to ovarian tissue, the development of the main morphofunctional structures of the ovary, can be destroyed, necrosized in the fetal period, develop reparative inflammation or lead to hyperplasia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: infant
  topic: keywords
subject: early postnatal period
  topic: keywords
subject: ovary
  topic: keywords
subject: ontogenesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Akramova Makhfuza Yuldashevna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-24
publication date: 2026-01-24
starting page: 6
ending page: 13

The Role Of Epitets In Expressing Poetical Intent In Saida Zunnunova's Poems
type: item
description: This article examines the repetitions used in the poems of Saida Zunnunova and their specific features. The epithet (adjective) category is one of the most important stylistic means of the language, which helps to create richer and more colorful images through words
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Epithet
  topic: keywords
subject: compound epithet
  topic: keywords
subject: phraseological epithet
  topic: keywords
creator: Xo‘jamberdiyeva Go‘zalxon Zafarjon qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

Cognitive upgrading and its impact on organizational development study consensus sample of Iraqi Tourism Authority
type: item
description: The goal of the current study to know the strength of the relationship between research variables as an independent variable and organizational development as a variable in the Iraqi Tourism Authority and to reach a number of recommendations that promote the organizational development of the Authority and from the importance of the theme The study and its importance to organized and private organization, including individuals and sample society, have a significant impact on their level of work. The study applied the analytical descriptive approach by analyzing a sample of sample of the sample authorities in the course of the tourism (53) Sample distributed on (Director General, Assistant General Manager, Head of Division), which was comprehensively distributed, and received the researcher (43) questionnaire, and when unloading (10) questionnaires are not valid for analysis Statistical sample (43) with relying on statistical methods (honesty, stability, coefficient and (SPSS.V.SMART) Liaison coefficient and standard deviation) In order to identify the assessments of the study, it is through the side Practical has been reached a total of conclusions and recommendations have been the most important conclusion that the Tourism Authority has a good level of application of modern technologies, but there is a weakness in some potential and technical infrastructure that reflects gaps in the application, It refers to the lack of clarity of some strategies or varying awareness among employees. A recommendation is that the Tourism Authority must build programs to develop rapid thinking and provide a database and information, through the establishment of learning societies, in order to improve decision-making and raise the level of performance and production and promote organizational development of the Authority.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cognitive Upgrading
  topic: keywords
subject: Organizational Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Iraqi Tourism Authority
  topic: keywords
creator: Yaqoob Safar Ali
creator: Ahmed Rahman Fattah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 39
ending page: 53