Czech Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovations
The Czech Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovations is an open-access journal that publishes original research in multidisciplinary areas of study which is run by Peerian Journals Publishing. This journal follows a double-blind peer review process to ensure the quality of publication. Authors are requested to submit their original manuscripts for publication in this journal according to the scope of the journal and the author's guidelines. The journal publisher's objectives align with the standard practices of scholarly publishing. Publication Frequency: Monthly ( 12 Issues per Year) ISSN (E): 2788-0389 The average time from submission to publication is 8 weeks; in appropriate cases, it may be more than 8 weeks. The scope of the Czech Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovations is not limited to the following areas of study: Humanities and Social Sciences Educational Advancements and Practices Tourism and Culture Historical advancements and Research Physical and Biological Sciences Business Administration Technological Advancements Economics and Finance
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Impact and nature of Total Quality Management practices on performance of and employee effectiveness as an important variable
We must emphasize the importance of monitoring the dimensions of Total Quality Management (TQM) (Reliability (RE), Performance (PE), and Empathy (EM)) according to specific and clear considerations that benefit projects within the Babylon Chamber of Commerce (BCC). Quality in projects is indispensable and cannot be overlooked, as it is the primary factor in stability. Our research was meticulous, leaving no detail unexamined. The researcher was aware of the unique technical and beneficial nature of his work. The researcher began working with )116 ( employees at the Babylon Chamber of Commerce, collecting )110 ( data points, while )6 ( were incomplete. SPSS was primarily used to analyze the results. The three hypotheses were successfully tested.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gaillardia aristata Pursch: Biology, morphology and application in the raw landscape
The present paper is devoted to the study of biological, morphological and ecological characteristics of Gaillardia aristata (blanket flower). This perennial flowering plant belongs to the family Asteraceae and belongs to the tribe Helenieae. It is widespread in the North American regions. In this article, the structure of the raw seed pods of G. aristata species, the anatomical features of the exocarpic raw seeds were discussed, and attention was paid to its use in the raw landscape environment. The results of the study showed that G. aristata flowers are not only important for decorative purposes, but also for the preservation of biodiversity in the environment. Sonday-ak, bul tür kutim ḥam requires little attention in landscape design, and its water tolerance to drought with its various stems stood out to me.
Stylistic features of a letter from Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to Muawiyah
The study reveals that the letters are characterized by protest, in addition to clarity of idea, avoidance of affectation and artificiality, their influence by Islamic meanings and the Holy Qur’an, simplicity of vocabulary, and strength of style in the era of early Islam. The analyzed text is built upon a core theme, namely paradox. All other stylistic features converge into this framework, organically interweaving the text so as to convey the meaning of the paradox that arises between the letter and its reply
The Role of Digital Technologies in Activating Archaeological Tourism – Babil Governorate
One of the recent trends currently prevailing in the travel and tourism sector in the 21st century is digital tourism. This paper set out to discuss the notion of digital tourism, the nature of digital tourism technologies, processes of the digital tourism experience as well as the archaeological tourist sites of greatest importance in Babil. The research was descriptive-analytical in nature and a random sample of tourists made of 156 people was used to gather the data through the questionnaire. The results made it clear that the digital technologies can play a very important role in stimulating archaeological tourism in Babil Governorate. The research also presented a number of recommendations such as considering digitalization in the strategy of tourism development in Iraq and utilizing the experiences of other countries in digital tourism to apply it in archaeological sites in Babil.
The Servant Leader: A Modern Vision of Administrative Leadership (Review article)
This article explores the concept of servant leadership as a modern leadership model that combines serving others with achieving organizational goals. The core idea is that leadership is not based on authority or control, but rather on providing support and empowerment to individuals, fostering positive interaction and creating a more humane and productive work environment. The article discusses key principles of servant leadership, such as altruism, active listening, building trust, promoting employee personal growth, and achieving organizational justice. It also illustrates the impact of this leadership approach on improving job satisfaction, supporting innovation, and strengthening organizational loyalty. The article concludes that servant leadership represents an effective contemporary vision for organizations seeking to develop ethical leadership styles that align with modern transformations in work environments. This article aims to analyze the concept of servant leadership as a contemporary trend in modern management thought by reviewing the theoretical foundations of this leadership model, discussing its core principles, and examining its impact on organizational environments. The article adopts an analytical approach that focuses on the most prominent practices of servant leadership, including employee empowerment, active listening, individual capacity building, and promoting trust and justice within the organization. The findings indicate that adopting servant leadership contributes to increased job satisfaction, improved performance quality, and greater organizational commitment, making it a suitable leadership approach for addressing modern management challenges. The article concludes that servant leadership represents an advanced vision that transcends traditional models, providing a humanistic and ethical framework that enhances organizational effectiveness in the current era.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Smart human resource management and its impact on employee performance. A survey study of a sample of travel and tourism companies in Baghdad, Al-Saadoun Street
This research aims to know the size of the relationship between research variables and are Smart Human Resources Management and Distinguished Performance in Travel and Tourism companies on the Sadoun Street in Baghdad. The study was conducted (50) sample for travel and tourism companies in order to discover the range of smart Human Resources Management, advanced analysis, and smart systems to support the level of strategic decisions, which are in different ways To raise the quality of services provided to tourists and to improve them, to raise the level of the Organization's tourism on creativity to achieve its long-term goals and adopted this study on the analytical descriptive approach, where all Selected data and sample information on travel and tourism companies on Al Saadoun Street in Baghdad, and analyzes it relying on a set of appropriate statistical methods to measure the effect of the removal of intelligent human resources management on distinguished performance, and the study reached A set of results of the most important and simple effect of smart human resources management in promoting outstanding performance, and smart technology used to develop human resources planning, raising the level of skills of the tourism organization, creating an appropriate ambience to participate in The process of making strategic decisions is faster and more accurate and the study also reached a set of recommendations that travel and tourism companies must adopt intelligent human resources systems, focusing on increasing attention to the purpose of raising the efficiency and development of their skills through Continuing training and upgrading smart digital infrastructure readiness in tourism companies to ensure their outstanding performance and achievement of sustainable competitiveness for these tourism companies.
Social-Philosophical Characteristics Of Modernization And Innovative Development Of Society
This article provides a scholarly analysis of the social-philosophical characteristics of modernization and the innovative development of society, the transition from traditional social life to a modern stage, and the profound transformations occurring across all spheres of social existence. The article argues that modernization and innovation represent processes through which societies move beyond traditional modes of living toward contemporary forms, resulting in deep changes across the social structure. It is demonstrated that modernization and innovation function as driving forces in building modern societies.
The Role of Statistical Methods in Confirming or Refuting Economic Relationships: Inflation and Unemployment Rate as a Case Study
This study aims to examine the relationship between the inflation and unemployment rates in Iraq during the period from 2004 to 2022, using a set of modern statistical and economic methods, including the stationarity test (Phillips–Perron), linear regression analysis, Granger causality test, and cointegration test (Johansen–Juselius). The research seeks to clarify the nature of the relationship between these two important economic variables, both in the short and long term, to determine whether this relationship aligns with what traditional economic theory and the Phillips curve suggest—namely, an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment—or whether it differs under the specific conditions of the Iraqi economy.
Comparative Studies In Uzbek Literary Studies
This article examines the development of comparative literature in Uzbekistan, emphasizing the growing role of translation and cross-cultural analysis. Particular attention is paid to Alisher Navoi's treatise "Muhokamat ul-lugatayn" ("Judgment on Two Languages"), which is analyzed from a comparative methodological perspective. The study applies historical, epistemological, logical-methodological, and spiritual-ideological criteria to evaluate Navoi's comparative analysis of Turkic and Persian literary traditions
European Identity and Representations of the Other in Travel Literature: A Pictorial Reading of Pietro Della Valle's Texts on Safavid Iran
This research aims to analyze representations of the Iranian other in the texts of the Italian traveler Pietro Della Valle (1586–1652), who visited the Safavid Empire between 1617 and 1623. This research relies on the method of literary imagery, which studies stereotypes and representations of the other in literary texts. The research is based on the premise that European travels to the East were not an objective reflection of reality, but rather narrative constructions that represented a means of reproducing European identity through a view of the Eastern other.
A study titled The Role of Management in Building Corporate Culture and Improving Organizational Performance-An Applied Study in Building Research Department
The research aims to identify the role of management in building the culture of the security institution and organizational performance. The problem was represented by the extent of the impact of general culture on enhancing organizational performance for the organizational research department, which affects individuals through culture, values, and festivals, and thus their repercussions on organizational performance . The study used the descriptive analytical approach, and to achieve this, a questionnaire form was designed for employees working in the Building Research Department, and they were randomly selected as a study sample that includes (40) employees. Data were collected, analyzed, and hypotheses were tested using statistical methods (SPSS) for the social sciences. The study came out with a number of results: If the results of the statistical analysis showed the existence of a statistically significant effect between the dimensions of organizational culture: (shared vision, culture of teamwork) and the organizational performance of the Construction Research Department. Shared vision affects organizational performance by (0.415). In other words, the more employees in the Construction Research Department are aware of the concept of shared vision, the more organizational performance improves by (0.415). The study emphasized the importance of having a distinct organizational culture within the department, one that works at all administrative levels to consolidate and instill its principles, reflecting the company's values and directions among its employees .
Características de los poemas de Nazik AlMalaika. Poesía Libre iraquí
La poetisa Nazik Al-Malaika (Bagdad, 1923-2007) fue pionera en usar el verso libre en el mundo árabe, inaugurando esta tendencia con su poema “Cólera”, que se publicó en 1947. Nazik renovó la poética de su tiempo liberándola del rígido esquema tradicional y estableciendo nuevas formas más libres con contenido musical, pero manteniendo un equilibrio entre herencia y modernidad. Podemos distinguir dos elementos clave que influyeron en su actividad poética: el primero en fomentar su actividad literaria y poética fue su formación dentro de una familia que prestaba gran atención a la literatura y le proporcionó un sólido conocimiento de la lírica clásica árabe; en segundo lugar, Nazik dominaba distintos idiomas: latín, francés e inglés, lo que facilitó sus influencias y abrió su imaginación poética a nuevos horizontes participados por autores occidentales. Fue profesora en la Universidad de Bagdad y Basora, asistió a cursos en las Universidades de Princeton y Wisconsin (EE.UU). Nazik Al-Malaika fue una erudita que se distinguió como poetisa que resultó ser una pionera dotada con la visión y el coraje adecuados que la señalaron como iniciadora de la Poesía Libre iraquí, además de una distinguida crítica literaria. Una mujer que abrió caminos a través de una posición feminista que planteaba teorías necesarias para un mundo en continuo cambio.
El uso de símbolos en el discurso poético de Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati
El artículo trata sobre algunos de los símbolos utilizados por el poeta Abdul Wahhab Al-Bayati, con una breve y necesaria introducción sobre su vida, para situarlo en el tiempo y el espacio. Esta aportación se divide en tres partes, que se corresponden a tres modelos de símbolos que resultan referenciales en la producción poética de Al-Bayati, y que ordenamos: en primer lugar, los referidos a la alienación y el distanciamiento; siguen los símbolos de la dualidad entre la vida y la muerte; y se concluye con un estudio sobre sus símbolos femeninos. Si bien la obra de Al-Bayati se encuadra en el movimiento de Poesía Libre, el poeta siguió utilizando los recursos de la lírica islámica en su vertiente histórica y tradicional. El objetivo de este trabajo es difundir la literatura iraquí fuera de sus fronteras y especialmente en Occidente. Guiada por esta aspiración se acompaña una labor de traducción y divulgación de la cultura árabe y el empleo de la lírica en la transmisión de circunstancias reales en una forma poética sencilla. En este escenario, Al-Bayati ha dejado su impronta y ha resultado influyente en la literatura iraquí del siglo XX, por su expresión, su método y su forma de utilizar los símbolos.
Assessment of the Annual Effective Dose of Natural Radionuclides from Animal Bone Samples
This study aimed to assess the annual effective dose (AED) of natural radionuclides, specifically radon gas, in animal bone samples sourced from local markets in Kirkuk, Iraq. We analyzed a total of 24 samples, encompassing bones from cows, sheep, chickens, and fish. Each sample was meticulously prepared: it was ground, and then sealed within a customdesigned exposure chamber. Radon concentrations were measured using a RAD7 detector over a 30-minute interval for each sample. The measured concentrations (in Bq/m³) were subsequently converted to Bq/kg using estimated bone density values. Based on the data, sample SHP6 exhibited the highest radon concentration at 25.1 Bq/m³ and the highest annual effective dose at approximately 4.14×10−7mSv/year. Conversely, sample SHP3 recorded the lowest values for both metrics, with a radon concentration of 4.0 Bq/m³ and an annual effective dose of roughly 0.57×10 −7 mSv/year. The AED was then calculated in(mSv/Year) unit Our results revealed exceptionally low annual effective doses, in the range of 10⁻⁷ mSv/year. These values are well below internationally accepted radiological limits. A comparative analysis with previous studies conducted in the Kirkuk region (focusing on soil and rock) indicated that animal bones exhibit significantly lower radon activity
Investigating black tourism for the Speicher site in Iraq
Our research aims to investigate black tourism for the Speicher site in Iraq, to develop strategies for the site of the heinous terrorist crime in the Speicher area in Saladin Governorate, which gave a new concept to tourism represented by black tourism, as well as to shed light on the events that took place at this site, which was filled with sadness and tragedy. Tears flowed at his remembrance, and hearts went towards him, as thousands of families, individuals, celebrities, artists, and senior officials came to commemorate the anniversary of this tragedy
Husseini rituals and their impact on tourism movement – the Arbaeen pilgrimage as a model
The Husseini rituals constitute the identity of the Islamic nation, the voice of truth, the defense of freedom, and the purification of souls from negative thoughts. The Husseini rituals serve as an intellectual, ideological, and educational institution that encompasses the greatest lessons in morality and culture while also acting as a voice of truth. Through these rituals, a culture of religious tourism can be instilled in society, with the most important of these being the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The Arbaeen pilgrimage has become a unique event in recent years, representing the primary destination for religious tourism, with millions of Muslims flocking there annually to participate in the pilgrimage and its various accompanying activities, which can enhance the tourism sector. The Arbaeen pilgrimage has a direct impact on tourism movement, contributing to the improvement of the economic, social, cultural, and educational sectors. In addition, it can be an important source of hard currency, increase the workforce, and boost national income. The overall objective of this research is to understand the impact of Husseini rituals on tourism movement from the economic, social, and organizational aspects of the millions-strong pilgrimage (the Arbaeen pilgrimage as a model). To ensure the study's requirements are met, the study population consisted of (300) questionnaires distributed to a random sample of visitors to the city of Karbala during the Arbaeen pilgrimage
Our research aims to investigate black tourism for the Speicher site in Iraq, to develop strategies for the site of the heinous terrorist crime in the Speicher area in Saladin Governorate, which gave a new concept to tourism represented by black tourism, as well as to shed light on the events that took place at this site, which was filled with sadness and tragedy. Tears flowed at his remembrance, and hearts went towards him, as thousands of families, individuals, celebrities, artists, and senior officials came to commemorate the anniversary of this tragedy.
Mechanisms For Improving Piano Performance In Training Activities Based On A Systematic Approach
The activities of specialized schools of art and culture play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of the system of continuous music education. In particular, classes organized on the basis of a systematic approach in the pedagogy of piano performance expand the opportunities for students to raise their performance, technical and artistic expressive skills and abilities to a new qualitative level. The article presents analytical considerations on the results of research conducted on this topic.
The Role of Small Projects in Achieving Sustainable Development in Iraq (2003-2021)
The goal of this research is to look at the reality of small enterprises in Iraq from 2003 to 2021 and illustrate how they help the economy expand and reach goals for sustainable development. The research is based on the premise that, under optimal circumstances, small enterprises— despite little finance and insufficient institutional backing—constitute a crucial basis for addressing unemployment and fostering regional manufacturing. The quantitative study of official data from the right Iraqi authorities included the number of firms, the number of workers in those businesses, and an estimate of how much they contributed to the GDP. The results revealed that there was a close link between the sector's GDP contribution and the number of workers. The highest values were in 2011 and 2012, and there was a big reduction between 2014 and 2016 because of problems with the economy and security. The research also found additional structural problems in this market, such as not enough financing, not many incubators, government rules that don't make sense, and an infrastructure that isn't very strong. Because of this, the research says that the government should make a clear national plan to help small businesses. This plan should include money for educating entrepreneurs, changes to the law, and places to borrow money. This will make it more likely that these businesses will be able to hire people and make things, changing them from one-time initiatives into effective tools for achieving long-term growth and economic stability
The Role of Women in the Lebanese National and Political Movement (1943-1975)-A Historical Study
The period between 1943 and 1975 witnessed a progressive development in the role of women within the national and political movement in Lebanon. Women emerged as active elements in the struggle for independence, political participation, and the defense of social and economic rights. This was evident in women's participation in demonstrations against the French mandate and the demands for independence, the establishment of women's associations that supported national causes, and the struggle of women to obtain the right to vote (guaranteed since 1952) and to demand broader political rights. This research aims to shed light on the contributions of Lebanese women to the political and national movement during this period, in addition to analyzing the factors that developed or limited their participation
Semantic and Lexical Transformations in CrossLinguistic Poetic Translation
The translation of poetry represents one of the most intricate challenges in cross-cultural literary communication, requiring the transfer of aesthetic, cultural, and emotional values across linguistic boundaries. This study examines the semantic and lexical transformations that occur when translating poetry from Russian into English, focusing on a self-produced English translation of a selected poem by Konstantin Balmont. Drawing on the frameworks of Barkhudarov, Komissarov, and Vinay & Darbelnet, the research identifies and categorizes transformation types, including adaptation, modulation, transposition, metaphorical substitution, and semantic generalization. Through parallel-text analysis, the study demonstrates how constraints of rhyme, meter, and cultural specificity necessitate creative reworking, often resulting in lexical omissions or shifts in symbolic orientation. While compensatory strategies: additional imagery and modified metaphorical framing, help preserve emotional resonance, they can alter the source text’s philosophical undertones. The findings affirm Roman Jakobson’s assertion of the inseparability of form and meaning in the poetic function, revealing that even subtle rhythmic or structural changes produce semantic shifts. By situating the analysis within established linguistic and translation theories, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on balancing semantic fidelity with artistic equivalence in poetry translation
Nefertiti: A Symbol Of Beauty, Personality, And Political Power
This article explores the life, personality, and historical legacy of the ancient Egyptian queen Nefertiti, who lived in the 14th century BC. The article analyzes her emergence as a symbol of beauty, her role alongside Pharaoh Amenhotep IV in political and religious reforms, her palace life, and her reign. It also discusses Nefertiti's mysterious death and the findings uncovered through archaeological research. Special attention is given to the historical events surrounding the Queen's bust, theories about her tomb, and scholarly debates. This article contributes to a deeper understanding of ancient Egyptian history, examining the historical figure of Nefertiti and analyzing the legends and scientific evidence associated with her
Diagnostic Performance of Computed and Digital Radiography in Fracture Identification
The x-ray imaging aspect is efficient and effective with little cost involved, which makes it common to be used in many sectors particularly in medical diagnostics. Its quality to pass through body tissues enables it to have clean and non-invasive imaging into the internal body organs and structures. Since it is a vital technology, its evolution became very fast so that today sophisticated X-ray detectors and associated imaging systems have been designed. This research look at two forms of X-Ray imaging devices which are currently being applied in hospitals located within the Kirkuk City in the Kirkuk hospital: Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Radiography (DR). The study compares the strengths and the weaknesses of the two systems regarding the quality of images produced and performance. A group of bone fracture involvements was diagnosed with the aid of the two technologies. The findings indicated that Digital Radiography (DR) would have been more popularly preferred as it has faster imaging, high quality image production, reduced doses of radiation used and minimum maintenance. The latter features make DR systems more suitable in the contemporary medical environment, where the ability to be fast, accurate, and reliable is essential. In addition, the paper shows the wider applications of higher level of X-ray technology where bone fractures are detected within different areas of the human body which were taken from real cases in the hospital. It also determined that the quality of the pictures taken using CR tend to be less clear when compared to the use of DR
Distinguishing Sexual Harassment From Attempted Rape In The Judicial Practice Of Uzbekistan: Issues Of Legal Qualification And Interpretation
This article analyzes recent judicial practice in Uzbekistan concerning the classification of acts as sexual harassment. Following the adoption of Law No. ZRU-829 in 2023, sexual harassment was officially recognized as an administrative offence. The article reviews several significant cases from 2024 in which actions such as sending sexually explicit messages via social media, initiating sexual activity, inappropriate touching with sexual intent, exposing genitalia, and declarations of love were classified as sexual harassment. A special focus is placed on the legal distinction between sexual harassment and attempted rape. Although these offences may share certain features, the article emphasizes that the presence or absence of violence in the offender's actions constitutes a critical criterion for differentiation. A comparative table of legal and factual elements is proposed to guide judicial assessment of such cases.
Impact of GVC on growth of economic: Malaysia case study
Through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data on GVC membership and Malaysia's GDP from 2000 to 2022, this paper talked about what GVC is, how important it is to be a part of it, and how it affects economic growth. The premise that underpins the study is that GVC membership contributes positively to economic development. Does GVC membership affect Malaysia's economic development throughout the study period? The industrial sector contributes significantly to both local and foreign added value in exports, and participation in GVC has a positive impact on economic growth in Malaysia during the studied period. The impact is reciprocal between GVC participation and the industrial sector. Additionally, connecting the local market to the foreign market helps to provide advanced intermediate inputs and introduce modern production methods and technology that increase the competitive and productive capabilities of local companies. GVC also gets more companies involved through forward and backward links because it lets them specialize in a part of the production process instead of finishing the whole thing. This makes it easier for new companies to get into the market and makes them more competitive.
The Impact of Commercial Marketing on Developing Tour Guide Skills-A Survey Study of a Sample of Tourism and Travel Companies in Baghdad
This study seeks to explore how commercial marketing contributes to enhancing the capabilities of tourist guides and examines the extent to which marketing criteria can be utilized to improve guide performance within the research community. The core research question focuses on whether commercial marketing can be strategically activated within tourism companies through long-term planning. To address this, the researcher analyzed responses from 215 distributed questionnaires targeting managers of tourism and travel companies in Baghdad. The study investigates the connection and influence between commercial marketing—viewed as the independent variable—and the development of tour guide skills as the dependent variable. A set of primary and secondary hypotheses was developed to guide the analysis. To meet the research objectives, which include directing tourism companies to recognize the added value brought by tour guides, a descriptive and analytical methodology was employed. Data collection primarily involved questionnaires and personal interviews, supported by various statistical techniques. The findings highlight that tourism and travel companies actively apply commercial marketing strategies to enhance their tour guides' performance by envisioning long-term growth and forming strategic alliances.
Factors Influencing Mergers and Closures in American International Broadcasting (1990- 2025)
This research aims to analyze the dynamics of mergers, restructuring, and closures in the US International Broadcasting (USIB) sector from 1990 to 2025. USIB is a vital tool for US public diplomacy and foreign policy, encompassing established institutions such as Voice of America (VOA) and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). The significance of the research lies in the fact that these processes are not merely administrative adjustments, but rather reflect profound shifts in US foreign policy priorities, resource allocation strategies, and responses to the changing global media landscape. Historically, American international broadcasting has witnessed repeated debates and reforms, driven by perceptions of inefficiency or duplication, such as the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 and the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017. This research specifically examines the causes, processes, and outcomes of mergers and closures affecting major American international broadcasting entities (VOA, RFE/RL, RFA, MBN) from the end of the Cold War to the present(including the events of 2025). The research seeks to analyze how political, economic, strategic, and technological factors drove these changes and assess their impact on governance, editorial independence, and overall effectiveness.
The Contribution of Artificial Intelligence to Enhancing Operational Efficiency and Innovation in Iraqi Production Companies - An Analytical Study
The application of artificial intelligence presents opportunities and challenges for human resources in the sales and marketing department. This study aims to analyze how human resources at the General Company for Automotive Industries in Iraq are dealing with digital transformation in the era of artificial intelligence. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, relying on indepth interviews, observations, and documents. This research contributes to current practices and academic studies on the application of artificial intelligence, highlighting how industrial companies coordinate AI resources and capabilities to drive the digital transformation of the organization, while creating a competitive advantage. The data collected is analyzed using the interactive model approach by (Miles and Huberman .1994), which involves three main stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. The findings indicate that AI enhances operational efficiency and service personalization but faces challenges such as employee resistance and a digital skills gap. Continuous training strategies and adaptive AI integration are essential for the successful implementation of this technology
Impact Of Public Expenditures On Economic Growth
This article analyzes the impact of government spending on the economic growth process. The fiscal policy pursued by the state, budget expenditures, and their impact on macroeconomic stability are considered on the basis of examples. It also highlights its role in increasing economic growth rates, creating jobs, and developing infrastructure through effective government spending. Through the analysis, it was determined how the structure and directions of state expenditures affect the national economy
Yakhshimuratova Khasiyat Khudaybergenovna
Review Article about Transformations of the concept of globalization: Scientific works from the 1990s to the present
From the 1990s to the present, the term globalization has witnessed rapid developments in various scientific and intellectual fields. Globalization was viewed as an economic process whose primary focus was the integration of global markets and the strengthening of trade. Over time, this view has evolved to include diverse dimensions, including culture, society, and politics. Recent studies have shown that globalization affects not only the economy, but also cultural identity, domestic policies, and international relations. It has also been shown that globalization does not always lead to cultural or economic unification; rather, it can lead to significant disparities between countries and their social classes. This background article demonstrates that it has become a more complex concept intertwined with issues such as multiple identities, immigration policies, and the environment.